When will cicadas emerge in illinois?

By HotBotUpdated: August 6, 2024

Introduction to Cicadas

Cicadas are fascinating insects known for their loud mating calls and unique life cycles. They belong to the order Hemiptera and the family Cicadidae. The most well-known species are the periodical cicadas, which emerge in large numbers at regular intervals, and the annual cicadas, which appear every year. Understanding when cicadas will emerge in Illinois requires delving into their biology, life cycle, and environmental factors.

Types of Cicadas in Illinois

Illinois is home to both periodical and annual cicadas. The periodical cicadas are classified into two main groups: the 13-year cicadas and the 17-year cicadas. The annual cicadas, often referred to as "dog-day cicadas," emerge every summer and are not synchronized in the same manner as their periodical counterparts.

Periodical Cicadas

Periodical cicadas are known for their synchronized, mass emergences. In Illinois, the primary broods of interest are the 17-year cicadas, particularly Brood XIII and Brood XIX for the 13-year cicadas.

Annual Cicadas

Annual cicadas, such as the Tibicen species, emerge every year during the late summer. These cicadas are less predictable in their appearance compared to the periodical cicadas but are commonly found throughout Illinois.

Life Cycle of Cicadas

The life cycle of cicadas is complex and varies between annual and periodical cicadas. Understanding this cycle is crucial to predicting their emergence.

Egg Stage

Female cicadas lay eggs in tree branches. These eggs hatch within a few weeks, and the nymphs fall to the ground, where they burrow into the soil.

Nymph Stage

The nymphs live underground, feeding on root sap for several years. For periodical cicadas, this stage lasts 13 or 17 years, depending on the species. Annual cicadas have a shorter nymph stage, typically around 2-5 years.

Emergence

When the nymphs are fully mature, they emerge from the ground. This typically occurs in late spring to early summer. The exact timing is influenced by soil temperature, which must reach approximately 64°F (18°C) at a depth of 8 inches.

Adult Stage

After emerging, cicadas molt one final time to become adults. They then spend a few weeks mating and laying eggs before dying. The males produce loud calls to attract females, leading to the characteristic buzzing associated with cicadas.

Environmental Factors Influencing Emergence

Several environmental factors play a role in the timing of cicada emergence in Illinois.

Soil Temperature

Soil temperature is a critical factor. For periodical cicadas, emergence typically occurs when the soil temperature reaches around 64°F (18°C) at a depth of 8 inches. This usually happens in late May to early June in Illinois.

Weather Conditions

Weather conditions, such as rainfall and temperature fluctuations, can also influence cicada emergence. A warm, wet spring can accelerate soil warming, leading to an earlier emergence.

Geographical Variation

There is geographical variation in emergence timing. Southern regions of Illinois may experience earlier emergences compared to northern regions due to differences in climate and soil temperature.

Historical Emergence Patterns in Illinois

Historical records provide valuable insights into the emergence patterns of cicadas in Illinois.

Brood XIII (17-Year Cicadas)

Brood XIII is one of the largest and most significant broods of 17-year cicadas in Illinois. The last emergence occurred in 2007, meaning the next expected emergence will be in 2024. This brood is known for its extensive distribution across northern Illinois.

Brood XIX (13-Year Cicadas)

Brood XIX, a 13-year cicada brood, last emerged in 2011. This brood is anticipated to reappear in 2024, overlapping with Brood XIII. Brood XIX is primarily found in the southern part of Illinois.

Annual Cicada Patterns

Annual cicadas emerge every summer, typically from late June to August. Their emergence is less synchronized, and they are more influenced by local environmental conditions.

Predicting Future Emergence

Predicting the exact date of cicada emergence involves monitoring several factors.

Soil Temperature Monitoring

Monitoring soil temperature in the spring can provide clues about when cicadas will emerge. Gardeners and entomologists often use soil thermometers to track temperature changes.

Citizen Science and Reports

Citizen science initiatives, where residents report sightings and soil temperatures, can help build a more accurate picture of emergence timings. Websites and mobile apps dedicated to cicada tracking can aggregate data from multiple sources.

Climate Change Impact

Climate change may alter cicada emergence patterns. Warmer springs could lead to earlier emergences, while changes in precipitation could affect nymph development and survival rates.

Unique Factors in Illinois

Illinois presents unique factors that can influence cicada emergence.

Urban vs. Rural Areas

Urban areas, with their heat islands, may experience earlier cicada emergences compared to rural areas. The increased heat in cities accelerates soil warming.

Local Vegetation

The presence of specific trees and vegetation can impact cicada populations. Certain tree species are preferred for egg-laying, and the availability of these trees can influence cicada density and distribution.

Human Activity

Human activities, such as construction and landscaping, can disrupt cicada habitats. Soil disturbance can affect nymph development and emergence rates.

The Mesmerizing Phenomenon of Cicadas

The emergence of cicadas in Illinois, particularly the synchronous spectacle of periodical cicadas, is a mesmerizing natural event that captures the fascination of residents and scientists alike.

Natural Curiosities

Witnessing the mass emergence of cicadas offers a rare glimpse into the intricate dance of nature. The sheer volume of cicadas, their unique lifecycle, and the cacophony of their mating calls create an awe-inspiring experience.

Ecological Impact

Cicadas play a significant role in the ecosystem. Their emergence provides a food source for numerous predators, including birds, mammals, and other insects. The decaying bodies of cicadas also contribute to nutrient cycling in the soil.

Human Connection

The cyclical nature of cicada emergences has also found a place in human culture, inspiring folklore, art, and music. The anticipation of their return connects generations, offering a shared experience rooted in the rhythms of the natural world.

The next emergence of periodical cicadas in Illinois is expected in 2024, with both Brood XIII and Brood XIX making their appearance. As residents prepare for this natural event, the unique interplay of environmental factors, historical patterns, and human curiosity continues to shape our understanding and appreciation of these remarkable insects.

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