What is meter in poetry?

By HotBotUpdated: July 4, 2024

Answer

Understanding Meter in Poetry

Meter, one of the fundamental elements of poetry, serves as the rhythmic structure of verses. It involves the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables, creating the musicality and cadence that distinguishes poetry from prose.

The Basics of Meter

Meter in poetry is composed of repeated units of rhythm called feet. Each foot is made up of a combination of stressed (´) and unstressed (˘) syllables. Here's a breakdown of common types of feet:

Iamb (iambic): An unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable (˘´). Example: "be-LIEVE".
Trochee (trochaic): A stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable (´˘). Example: "TI-ger".
Anapest (anapestic): Two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable (˘˘´). Example: "in-ter-VENE".
Dactyl (dactylic): A stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables (´˘˘). Example: "E-LE-phant".
Spondee (spondaic): Two stressed syllables (´´). Example: "HEART-BREAK".

Common Metrical Patterns

Meter is often described by the number of feet in a line. Here are some common patterns:

Start

Monometer: One foot per line
Dimeter: Two feet per line
Trimeter: Three feet per line
Tetrameter: Four feet per line
Pentameter: Five feet per line
Hexameter: Six feet per line
Heptameter: Seven feet per line
Octameter: Eight feet per line

Iambic Pentameter: The Shakespearean Standard

Iambic Pentameter is perhaps the most well-known metrical pattern, frequently used by William Shakespeare. It consists of five iambs per line, resulting in a ten-syllable line with a pattern of alternating unstressed and stressed syllables. For example:

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

This meter is prized for its natural flow, closely mirroring the rhythms of English speech.

Trochaic Tetrameter: A Different Rhythm

Trochaic Tetrameter, consisting of four trochees per line, offers a different rhythmic quality. It creates a more forceful and driving rhythm compared to the iambic meter. For instance, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem "The Song of Hiawatha" employs this meter:

By the shores of Gitche Gumee,

Free Verse: Breaking the Mold

While traditional meters have structured patterns, free verse breaks these conventions. Free verse poetry does not adhere to regular metrical patterns, allowing poets to create rhythm through natural speech patterns, varied line lengths, and other poetic devices. The freedom of free verse can be observed in the works of Walt Whitman and T.S. Eliot.

The Role of Meter in Poetic Form

Different poetic forms often dictate specific meters:

Sonnet: Traditionally, sonnets are written in iambic pentameter. The Shakespearean Sonnet, for example, follows this meter with a specific rhyme scheme (ABABCDCDEFEFGG).
Villanelle: This 19-line form typically employs iambic pentameter or tetrameter, with a strict pattern of repetition and rhyme.
Haiku: Though not bound by a specific meter, haikus follow syllabic constraints (5-7-5) that create a distinct rhythmic quality.

Meter and Mood

The choice of meter significantly impacts a poem's mood and tone. The steady, predictable rhythm of iambic pentameter can evoke a sense of stability and formality. In contrast, the more uneven, hurried pace of anapestic meter might create excitement or urgency. Consider how Emily Dickinson's use of common meter (alternating lines of iambic tetrameter and trimeter) brings a hymn-like quality to her poems:

Because I could not stop for Death –
He kindly stopped for me –

Subverting Expectations: Metrical Variations

Poets often subvert traditional meters to create emphasis or disrupt the reader's expectations. A metrical variation, such as a spondee in an otherwise iambic line, can draw attention to a particular word or idea. This technique can be seen in Alfred Lord Tennyson's "The Charge of the Light Brigade," where variations in meter underscore the chaos and urgency of battle.

Historical Context and Meter

Meter has evolved over centuries, influenced by linguistic changes and cultural shifts. Ancient Greek and Latin poetry relied heavily on quantitative meter, which is based on syllable length rather than stress. This differs from the accentual-syllabic meter prevalent in English poetry, which emerged in the Middle Ages and became dominant in the Renaissance.

Analyzing Meter: Practice and Application

To analyze meter, one must identify the type and number of feet in each line. This involves scanning the poem, marking stressed and unstressed syllables, and identifying patterns. For instance, when analyzing Robert Frost's "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening," a reader might note the poem's use of iambic tetrameter:

Whose woods these are I think I know
His house is in the village though;

Meter in Modern Poetry

While modern and contemporary poetry often eschews strict metrical forms in favor of free verse, meter remains a valuable tool. Poets like Seamus Heaney and Derek Walcott continue to experiment with traditional meters, blending them with modern themes and sensibilities. Meter persists as a means of connecting contemporary poetry with its rich literary heritage.

The Subtlety of Meter

One of the more nuanced aspects of meter is its subtlety. Skilled poets can manipulate meter to achieve a desired effect without drawing obvious attention to the rhythm. The metrical choices can influence the reader's subconscious experience, contributing to the poem's overall impact without overtly announcing their presence.

Meter, with its intricate patterns and variations, offers poets a powerful tool for shaping the rhythm and mood of their work. It bridges the gap between form and expression, linking the structure of language with the depths of human emotion. Whether adhering to traditional forms or breaking the mold with free verse, the exploration of meter opens a myriad of possibilities, inviting readers to delve into the heart of poetic rhythm and discover the endless nuances that lie within.